The feat -- a record for unmodified conventional commercial trains, according to the ministry -- was achieved on a stretch of track between the capital Beijing and Shanghai, the Xinhua news agency said.
State television showed footage of the white train cruising through the countryside.
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"It not only marks a milestone in the construction of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway, but also is a major achievement of China's technological innovation," ministry spokesman Wang Yongping was quoted as saying.
The railway authority said in July that China would spend about $US120 billion ($A121 billion) to nearly double the country's high-speed rail network by 2012.
Earlier this year, the ministry announced that the high-speed line linking Beijing and Shanghai would open in 2011, a year ahead of schedule, cutting travel time between the two cities from 10 hours to four, state press said.
Once operational, the line is expected to carry 80 million passengers a year -- double the current capacity on the 1,318-kilometre route, the China Daily reported in March, citing railway officials.
During a trial run on September 28, a Chinese high-speed train had set a record of 416.6 kilometres per hour on a run between Shanghai and the eastern lake city of Hangzhou, Xinhua said.
In 2007, an experimental version of France's high-speed TGV train, equipped with two supercharged locomotives and extra-large wheels, hit a speed of 574.8 kilometres per hour on a specially prepared track.
World's Fastest Passenger Train reaches 302mph record speed in China Breaks World Speed Record 2010 Video
